Full Bridge MMC Converter Optimal Design to HVDC Operational Requirements

This project is funded by RTE, Paris, FrancePeer reviewedPostprin

Stratégie de protection à sélectivité totale pour réseaux MTDC

International audienceLa mise en place de réseaux à courant continu de grande taille en Europe est un objectif plausible dans un futur proche compte tenu de l'évolution du mix énergétique. En effet, de grands sites décentralisés de production d'énergies renouvelables vont progressivement apparaître (ex : fermes éoliennes offshores, centrales de production photovoltaïque, etc.). Avec les convertisseurs de type VSC, il est techniquement possible d'assembler plusieurs liaisons HVDC en une structure en réseau. Ainsi, un tel réseau permettra le transit d'une grande quantité de puissance, de l'ordre de plusieurs gigawatts, en courant continu, entre les différentes stations de conversion qui le composent. La protection d'un tel ouvrage est par conséquent un point critique et indispensable. En effet, en cas de défaut dans la partie à courant continu et au vue des puissances qui transitent, il est primordial de réduire au maximum les conséquences liées à l'apparition de ce défaut. Si plusieurs gigawatts sont échangés dans le réseau à courant continu, il est risqué pour la stabilité du (ou des) réseau(x) AC extérieur(s) de stopper l'ensemble de ce transit. C'est pour cela que des stratégies de protection rapides, efficaces et sélectives doivent être mises en œuvre. Cet article propose une revue des principales contraintes liées à la protection des réseaux à courant continu qui sont intrinsèques au courant continu, des différentes stratégies de protection qui peuvent être appliquées à un tel réseau et des principaux types de disjoncteurs à courant continu. Les différentes durées de fonctionnement de la détection et des disjoncteurs sont à comparer avec le temps critique d'élimination des défauts du réseau MTDC. Mots-clés—Disjoncteur à courant continu HVDC, Plan de protection, Réseau MTDC, Station de conversion, Sélectivité, Temps critique d'élimination des défauts.</p

Low Energy Protection System for DC Grids Based on Full Bridge MMC Converters

This project is funded by RTE, Paris, France. D. Jovcic and W. Lin are with the School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, U.K. ( [email protected], [email protected]). S. Nguefeu and H. Saad are with the Réseau de Transport d’Electricité, Paris 92932, France ([email protected], [email protected] )Peer reviewedPostprin

Laboratory-based test bed of a three terminals DC networks using power hardware in the loop

In this paper a three stations MTDC grid is presented, providing a specific application of our work. The experimental platform is intended to combine electrical power components and communication/control equipment with real-time simulation tools. In this way the platform can test grid elements and evaluate different operation scenarios under various conditions

Laboratory Demonstration of a Multiterminal VSC-HVDC Power Grid

This paper presents the design, development, con- trol and supervision of a hardware-based laboratory Multi- Terminal-Direct-Current (MTDC) test-bed. This work is a part of the TWENTIES (Transmission system operation with large penetration of Wind and other renewable Electricity sources in Networks by means of innovative Tools and Integrated Energy Solutions) DEMO 3 European project which aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a DC grid through experimental tests. This is a hardware-in-the-loop DC system test-bed with simulated AC systems in real time simulation; the DC cables and some converters are actual, at laboratory scale. The laboratory scale test-bed is homothetic to a full scale high voltage direct current (HVDC) system: electrical elements are the same in per unit. The test-bed is supervised by a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system based on PcVue. Primary control based droop control method to provide DC grid power balance and coordinated control methods to dispatch power as scheduled by transmission system operator (TSO) are implemented. Since primary control acts as converter level by using local measure- ments, a coordinated control is proposed to manage the DC grid power flow. The implemented system is innovative and achievable for real-time, real-world MTDC-HVDC grid applications

DC Grids : Motivation, Feasibility and Outstanding Issues : Status Report for the European Commission Deliverable : D5.4

Wind energy is already a mainstay of clean power generation in Europe, with over 100GW of capacity installed so far, and another 120GW anticipated by 2020 according to various analysts. Much of this capacity is expected to be installed offshore, as it is a windier and the source is steadier compared to onshore wind energy. Hence, offshore wind has been envisaged as making a critical contribution to Europe’s demand for electrical energy and to minimising the carbon emissions associated with meeting that demand

Inflammatory profile of vertically HIV-1 infected adolescents receiving ART in Cameroon: a contribution toward optimal pediatric HIV control strategies

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the lifespan of people living with HIV. However, their immune system remains in a state of sustained activation/inflammation, which favors viral replication and depletion of helper T-cells with varying profiles according to ART-response. We herein sought to ascertain the inflammatory profile of adolescents living with perinatal HIV-1 infection (ALPHI) receiving ART in an African context. In this cross-sectional and comparative study among ART-experienced ALPHI in Yaoundé-Cameroon, HIV-1 RNA was measured by Abbott Real-time PCR; CD4 cells were enumerated using flow cytometry; serum cytokines were measured by ELISA; HIV-1 proviral DNA was genotyped by Sanger-sequencing; and archived drug resistance mutations (ADRMs) were interpreted using Stanford HIVdb.v9.0.1. Overall, 73 adolescents were enrolled (60 ALPHI and 13 HIV-1 negative peers) aged 15 (13-18) years; 60.00% were female. ART median duration was 92 (46-123) months; median viral load was 3.99 (3.17-4.66) RNA Log10 (copies)/mL and median CD4 count was 326 (201-654) cells/mm3. As compared to HIV-negative adolescents, TNFα was highly expressed among ALPHI (p&lt;0.01). Following a virological response, inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and inflammation-related cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) were highly expressed with viral suppression (VS) vs. virological failure (VF), while the chemokine CCL3 was highly expressed with VF (p&lt;0.01). Regarding the immune response, the inflammatory cytokine TNFα was highly expressed in those that are immunocompetent (CD4≥500 cell/mm3) vs. immunocompromised (CD4&lt;500 cell/mm3), p ≤ 0.01; while chemokine CCL2 was highly expressed in the immunocompromised (p&lt;0.05). In the presence of ADRMs, IL-4 and CCL3 were highly expressed (p=0.027 and p=0.043 respectively). Among ART-experienced ALPHI in Cameroon, the TNFα cytokine was found to be an inflammatory marker of HIV infection; IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 are potential immunological markers of VS and targeting these cytokines in addition to antiretroviral drugs may improve management. Moreover, CCL3 and CCL2 are possible predictors of VF and/or being immunocompromised and could serve as surrogates of poor ART response

Inflammatory profile of vertically HIV-1 infected adolescents receiving ART in Cameroon: a contribution toward optimal pediatric HIV control strategies

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the lifespan of people living with HIV. However, their immune system remains in a state of sustained activation/inflammation, which favors viral replication and depletion of helper T-cells with varying profiles according to ART-response. We herein sought to ascertain the inflammatory profile of adolescents living with perinatal HIV-1 infection (ALPHI) receiving ART in an African context. In this cross-sectional and comparative study among ART-experienced ALPHI in Yaoundé-Cameroon, HIV-1 RNA was measured by Abbott Real-time PCR; CD4 cells were enumerated using flow cytometry; serum cytokines were measured by ELISA; HIV-1 proviral DNA was genotyped by Sanger-sequencing; and archived drug resistance mutations (ADRMs) were interpreted using Stanford HIVdb.v9.0.1. Overall, 73 adolescents were enrolled (60 ALPHI and 13 HIV-1 negative peers) aged 15 (13-18) years; 60.00% were female. ART median duration was 92 (46-123) months; median viral load was 3.99 (3.17-4.66) RNA Log10 (copies)/mL and median CD4 count was 326 (201-654) cells/mm3. As compared to HIV-negative adolescents, TNFα was highly expressed among ALPHI (p&lt;0.01). Following a virological response, inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and inflammation-related cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) were highly expressed with viral suppression (VS) vs. virological failure (VF), while the chemokine CCL3 was highly expressed with VF (p&lt;0.01). Regarding the immune response, the inflammatory cytokine TNFα was highly expressed in those that are immunocompetent (CD4≥500 cell/mm3) vs. immunocompromised (CD4&lt;500 cell/mm3), p ≤ 0.01; while chemokine CCL2 was highly expressed in the immunocompromised (p&lt;0.05). In the presence of ADRMs, IL-4 and CCL3 were highly expressed (p=0.027 and p=0.043 respectively). Among ART-experienced ALPHI in Cameroon, the TNFα cytokine was found to be an inflammatory marker of HIV infection; IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 are potential immunological markers of VS and targeting these cytokines in addition to antiretroviral drugs may improve management. Moreover, CCL3 and CCL2 are possible predictors of VF and/or being immunocompromised and could serve as surrogates of poor ART response